The second article: Part 1
A Tragedy of Errors: The Mayaguez Incident Remembered
At 2:20pm on May 12, 1975, an otherwise routine voyage to Sattahip, Thailand, by the Sealand container ship Mayaguez was brought to a halt by a pair of Khmer Rouge naval patrol boats and their heavily-armed crews.
Accused of violating Cambodian territorial waters, the ship and its 39 member crew were diverted toward the Cambodian island of Koh Tang.
Coming just 12 days after America's humiliating retreat from Vietnam, the hostage-taking became the focus of US government efforts to salvage a superpower reputation perceived tarnished by the recent twin Communist victories in Cambodia and Vietnam.
"The National Security Council was convened and [then-US Secretary of State] Kissinger argued that much more was at stake than the seizure of an American ship ... [that] American credibility was more involved than ever," William Shawcross wrote of the incident in his book Sideshow. "Throughout the crisis the Secretary insisted that for domestic and international reasons, and particularly to impress the North Koreans, the United States must use force."
Although the Mayaguez crew was transferred by fishing boat to the port of Sihanoukville on the afternoon of May 13, American military intelligence believed at least half of the crew remained on Koh Tang, and plans were laid for a rescue attempt by American Marines based in Thailand.
The plans went askew horrifyingly fast.
The Khmer Rouge boat carrying the Mayaguez crew to Sihanoukville was repeatedly strafed and tear-gassed by American planes unsuccessfully seeking to force the ship back to Koh Tang. A group of the Mayaguez crew later unsuccessfully sued the government for chronic health problems incurred as a result of those aerial attacks.
On the evening of May 14, 23 US Marines became the Mayaguez Incident's first deaths after their helicopter crashed en route from Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Airbase to the operation's departure point of U Tapao air base. A US government memorial unveiled in Phnom Penh in 1995 by visiting Senator John McCain makes no mention of those men.
At dawn on May 15,170 Marines in eight Knife and Jolly Green Giant helicopters approached Koh Tang in the first stage of a rescue attempt in which little or no resistance was expected from what American military intelligence had described as an opposition force of 35-to-40 KR "irregulars".
Instead they entered a firestorm orchestrated by a well-armed and well-dug-in platoon of battle-hardened KR, veterans of the April 17 "liberation" of Phnom Penh, who assailed the invaders with their newly acquired American guns and ammunition confiscated from losing Lon Nol forces.
Within minutes three helicopters had been shot down and for the next 24 hours US forces fought for their lives in a battle that eventually killed 16 KR combatants and an additional 18 Americans, their remains the focus of intensive searches by US government MLA teams on Koh Tangy, that continue to this day.
In a bitter irony unknown to the Marines on Koh Tang until after their harrowing extraction to the US aircraft carrier Coral Sea on the morning of May 16, the crew of the Mayaguez had been freed on to a Thai fishing boat several hours before the attack commenced.
At 10:08am of May 15, while US helicopter gunships perforated with KR small arms fire struggled to land reinforcements and evacuate wounded Marines from Koh Tang, the crew of the Mayaguez was picked up by the US navy.
Shawcross wrote in Sideshow that President Ford was quick to describe the Mayaguez mission as a success in that "...it did not only ignite confidence in the White House ... it had an electrifying reaction as far as the American people were concerned. It was a spark that set off a whole new sense of confidence for them, too."
Calculating the costs of the battle — 41 American dead in return for the safe return of 39 merchant seamen and the loss of life and property of Cambodians unaware of their position in American foreign and domestic policy objectives —Shawcross is unequivocal in suggesting that the Mayaguez Incident left little to celebrate for either side.
"In the attacks on [Sihanoukville] the railroad yard, the port, the oil refinery and the airfield were virtually destroyed," he writes. "At Ream naval base, 364 buildings were flattened. Nine Cambodian vessels were sunk at sea. In order to rescue the Marines on Koh Tang, the island was heavily bombarded ... [ignoring] ... the August 1973 ban on bombing Indochina as well as the 1973 War Powers Act. The principal purposes of the bombing seem to have been to punish the Cambodians and to reassert a concept of American bellicosity which the collapse of Phnom Penh and Saigon was seen to have damaged."
At the pre-dawn briefing for US Marines chosen to participate in the rescue attempt of the Mavaguez crew mistakenly believed to be held by Khmer Rouge forces on the island of Koh Tang, the planned operation seemed deceptively straightforward.
"Our group's mission was to land on the beach, link up with the other groups and move toward the middle of the island where we were to link up and surround a compound believed to hold the captured Mayaguez crew," explained Dale L Clark, a Marine Lance Corporal fire team leader during the Koh Tang assault. "My group had two US Army interpreters that spoke fluent Cambodian [who] were equipped with bullhorns and tasked with influencing [the Khmer Rouge] in giving up the crew without a fight."
The battle for Koh Tang had all the necessary ingredients for a military disaster: inexperienced soldiers facing a seasoned enemy on its home turf and faulty intelligence assessments of the nature of the opposition.
"Very few within our company had any previous combat experience ... lots of the guys were fresh out of boot-camp or like myself had just been in about a year," recalled Koh Tang Marine survivor Larry Barnett. "I guess a fair general term to describe our company was greenhorns.
As they skimmed over the Gulf of Thailand in helicopters toward their fateful encounter with the KR on Koh Tang, both Barnett and Clark were comforted by military intelligence reports of the light resistance they would encounter upon arrival on the island.
"The most we were told to expect was sniper fire ...we were led to believe that the operation would be relatively easy," Barnett explained.
"We were led to expect the operation to be easy and with a quick withdrawal," Clark added. "We were told not to 'lock and load' our weapons until told to do so because combat was not expected."
An American scholar and former military officer who has researched and written extensively about the Koh Tang operation says that the Marines had been inaccurately informed to expect a KR militia force of between 20 and 40 men based on the estimate of a former Lon Not navy officer familiar with the island's garrison before the communist takeover.
"My estimate... distilled from CIA and DIA estimates and adjusted in light of the Marines impressions of the action was that the KR had approximately 200 people on the island, reinforced with heavy machineguns, possibly mortars and recoilless rifles," he told the Post. "Supporting my logic, an intercepted KR message from the island alter the battle indicated that the KR garrison had suffered 55 men killed and 70 wounded."
Clark admits going into "mild shock" by the intensity'' of the KR resistance to the Marine landing on Koh Tang.
"I could not believe what I saw ... the KR opened up on the first four helicopters that attempted to land on the west beach and then on the east beech
"I saw an antiaircraft gun tin placement near the edge of the island. I also saw a lot of smoke coming from a tree line we flew over ... from rifles being fired at the helicopters. I remember hugging the bottom of the helicopter, as we began evasive maneuvers to get out of the kill zone. I looked up and saw fuel spraying all over the inside of the front of the helicopter. I could not believe what I was seeing."
Clark and Barnett were victims of what both men concede was a severe failure of intelligence about the strength of the force facing them on Koh Tang.
"Being told not to expect resistance and having the opposite experience ... tells me it was an intelligence disaster," Clark said of the operation. "Years later after I conducted some minor research, I discovered that several branches of the military had an accurate assessment of the KR on Koh Tang ... the information was never passed on to the US Marine Corps."
Barnett is even more explicit in laying blame for the contradictory information given to him and his men before the Koh Tang assault.
"The intelligence that [the military] had on the island was good ... but did not make its way into the proper hands," Barnett said. "Our Company Commander and Company Gunnery Sergeant received a photo of the island's gun placements and bunkers the night before [the assault] ... but elected not to tell the troops for fear of making us more nervous than we already were."
Surprise and dismay over the events of May 15, 1975, were felt equally by the Khmer Rouge defenders of Koh Tang. Mao Ran, a 22-year old platoon commander, had arrived on Koh Tang a week earlier in advance of an expected incursion of Vietnamese troops. The last thing he expected, he told the Post from his village in rural Kampong Speu where he now serves as a Commune Chief, was an assault by American troops.
"I met those men from the [Mayaguez] and we were friendly and kind to them ... I had no idea they would be the cause of fighting between Cambodia and America," he said.