The second article: Part 1
A Tragedy of Errors: The Mayaguez Incident Remembered
At  2:20pm on May 12, 1975, an otherwise routine voyage to Sattahip,  Thailand, by the Sealand container ship Mayaguez was brought to a halt  by a pair of Khmer Rouge naval patrol boats and their heavily-armed  crews.
Accused of violating Cambodian territorial waters, the ship  and its 39 member crew were diverted toward the Cambodian island of Koh  Tang.
Coming just 12 days after America's humiliating retreat from  Vietnam, the hostage-taking became the focus of US government efforts to  salvage a superpower reputation perceived tarnished by the recent twin  Communist victories in Cambodia and Vietnam.
"The National Security  Council was convened and [then-US Secretary of State] Kissinger argued  that much more was at stake than the seizure of an American ship ...  [that] American credibility was more involved than ever," William  Shawcross wrote of the incident in his book Sideshow. "Throughout the  crisis the Secretary insisted that for domestic and international  reasons, and particularly to impress the North Koreans, the United  States must use force."
Although the Mayaguez crew was transferred by  fishing boat to the port of Sihanoukville on the afternoon of May 13,  American military intelligence believed at least half of the crew  remained on Koh Tang, and plans were laid for a rescue attempt by  American Marines based in Thailand.
The plans went askew horrifyingly fast.
The  Khmer Rouge boat carrying the Mayaguez crew to Sihanoukville was  repeatedly strafed and tear-gassed by American planes unsuccessfully  seeking to force the ship back to Koh Tang. A group of the Mayaguez crew  later unsuccessfully sued the government for chronic health problems  incurred as a result of those aerial attacks.
On the evening of May  14, 23 US Marines became the Mayaguez Incident's first deaths after  their helicopter crashed en route from Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Airbase  to the operation's departure point of U Tapao air base. A US government  memorial unveiled in Phnom Penh in 1995 by visiting Senator John McCain  makes no mention of those men.
At dawn on May 15,170 Marines in eight  Knife and Jolly Green Giant helicopters approached Koh Tang in the  first stage of a rescue attempt in which little or no resistance was  expected from what American military intelligence had described as an  opposition force of 35-to-40 KR "irregulars".
Instead they entered a  firestorm orchestrated by a well-armed and well-dug-in platoon of  battle-hardened KR, veterans of the April 17 "liberation" of Phnom Penh,  who assailed the invaders with their newly acquired American guns and  ammunition confiscated from losing Lon Nol forces.
Within minutes  three helicopters had been shot down and for the next 24 hours US forces  fought for their lives in a battle that eventually killed 16 KR  combatants and an additional 18 Americans, their remains the focus of  intensive searches by US government MLA teams on Koh Tangy, that  continue to this day.
In a bitter irony unknown to the Marines on Koh  Tang until after their harrowing extraction to the US aircraft carrier  Coral Sea on the morning of May 16, the crew of the Mayaguez had been  freed on to a Thai fishing boat several hours before the attack  commenced.
At 10:08am of May 15, while US helicopter gunships  perforated with KR small arms fire struggled to land reinforcements and  evacuate wounded Marines from Koh Tang, the crew of the Mayaguez was  picked up by the US navy.
Shawcross wrote in Sideshow that President  Ford was quick to describe the Mayaguez mission as a success in that  "...it did not only ignite confidence in the White House ... it had an  electrifying reaction as far as the American people were concerned. It  was a spark that set off a whole new sense of confidence for them, too."
Calculating  the costs of the battle — 41 American dead in return for the safe  return of 39 merchant seamen and the loss of life and property of  Cambodians unaware of their position in American foreign and domestic  policy objectives —Shawcross is unequivocal in suggesting that the  Mayaguez Incident left little to celebrate for either side.
"In the  attacks on [Sihanoukville] the railroad yard, the port, the oil refinery  and the airfield were virtually destroyed," he writes. "At Ream naval  base, 364 buildings were flattened. Nine Cambodian vessels were sunk at  sea. In order to rescue the Marines on Koh Tang, the island was heavily  bombarded ... [ignoring] ... the August 1973 ban on bombing Indochina as  well as the 1973 War Powers Act. The principal purposes of the bombing  seem to have been to punish the Cambodians and to reassert a concept of  American bellicosity which the collapse of Phnom Penh and Saigon was  seen to have damaged." 
At the pre-dawn briefing for US Marines  chosen to participate in the rescue attempt of the Mavaguez crew  mistakenly believed to be held by Khmer Rouge forces on the island of  Koh Tang, the planned operation seemed deceptively straightforward.
"Our  group's mission was to land on the beach, link up with the other groups  and move toward the middle  of the island where we were to link up and  surround a compound believed to hold the captured Mayaguez crew,"  explained Dale L Clark, a Marine Lance Corporal fire team leader during  the Koh Tang assault. "My group had two US Army interpreters that spoke  fluent Cambodian [who] were equipped with bullhorns and tasked with  influencing [the Khmer Rouge] in giving up the crew without a fight."
The  battle for Koh Tang had all the necessary ingredients for a military  disaster: inexperienced soldiers facing a seasoned enemy on its home  turf and faulty intelligence assessments of the nature of the  opposition.
"Very few within our company had any previous combat  experience ... lots of the guys were fresh out of boot-camp or like  myself had just been in about a year," recalled Koh Tang Marine survivor  Larry Barnett. "I guess a fair general term to describe our company was  greenhorns.
As they skimmed over the Gulf of Thailand in helicopters  toward their fateful encounter with the KR on Koh Tang, both Barnett  and Clark were comforted by military intelligence reports of the light  resistance they would encounter upon arrival on the island.
"The most  we were told to expect was sniper fire ...we were led to believe that  the operation would be relatively easy," Barnett explained.
"We were  led to expect the operation to be easy and with a quick withdrawal,"  Clark added. "We were told not to 'lock and load' our weapons until told  to do so because combat was not expected."
An American scholar and  former military officer who has researched and written extensively about  the Koh Tang operation says that the Marines had been inaccurately  informed to expect a KR militia force of between 20 and 40 men based on  the estimate of a former Lon Not navy officer familiar with the island's  garrison before the communist takeover.
"My estimate... distilled  from CIA and DIA estimates and adjusted in light of the Marines  impressions of the action was that the KR had approximately 200 people  on the island, reinforced with heavy machineguns, possibly mortars and  recoilless rifles," he told the Post. "Supporting my logic, an  intercepted KR message from the island alter the battle indicated that  the KR garrison had suffered 55 men killed and 70 wounded."
Clark admits going into "mild shock" by the intensity'' of the KR resistance to the Marine landing on Koh Tang.
"I  could not believe what I saw ... the KR opened up on the first four  helicopters that attempted to land on the west beach and then on the  east beech
"I saw an antiaircraft gun tin placement near the edge of  the island. I also saw a lot of smoke coming from a tree line we flew  over ... from rifles being fired at the helicopters. I remember hugging  the bottom of the helicopter, as we began evasive maneuvers to get out  of the kill zone. I looked up and saw fuel spraying all over the inside  of the front of the helicopter. I could not believe what I was seeing."
Clark  and Barnett were victims of what both men concede was a severe failure  of intelligence about the strength of the force facing them on Koh Tang.
"Being  told not to expect resistance and having the opposite experience ...  tells me it was an intelligence disaster," Clark said of the operation.  "Years later after I conducted some minor research, I discovered that  several branches of the military had an accurate assessment of the KR on  Koh Tang ... the information was never passed on to the US Marine  Corps."
Barnett is even more explicit in laying blame for the  contradictory information given to him and his men before the Koh Tang  assault.
"The intelligence that [the military] had on the island was  good ... but did not make its way into the proper hands," Barnett said.  "Our Company Commander and Company Gunnery Sergeant received a photo of  the island's gun placements and bunkers the night before [the assault]  ... but elected not to tell the troops for fear of making us more  nervous than we already were."
Surprise and dismay over the events of  May 15, 1975, were felt equally by the Khmer Rouge defenders of Koh  Tang. Mao Ran, a 22-year old platoon commander, had arrived on Koh Tang a  week earlier in advance of an expected incursion of Vietnamese troops.  The last thing he expected, he told the Post from his village in rural  Kampong Speu where he now serves as a Commune Chief, was an assault by  American troops.
"I met those men from the [Mayaguez] and we were  friendly and kind to them ... I had no idea they would be the cause of  fighting between Cambodia and America," he said.