Well, I know I've been putting in the good word for Sparta lately in the Anciet History Threads, so why not here.
Now this is just their system of Government, not social structure or Education system.
Sparta had three levels of Government. The Two Kings, The Gerousia, and the Apella. The Two Kings, acoording to myth, were direct desendants of Herakles. At times of War, One king would lead the forces, while one remained at home to attentend to Admistrational Duties.
The Gerousia roughly translates to "The Council of Elders". 30 members, including the Kings, of Sparta's most most senior and respected citizens. Had to be over 60 y/o, were elected by the Apella, and were elected for life.
The Apella, was bascially the Parliment. The Gerousia and the Ephors sat over their meetings. It was open to all Homois (Full Male Spartan Citizen's)
They were told what issues they were to discuss, and voted yes or no to the ideas the Gerousia had already discussed and concluded. However their decisions could be overridden by the Ephors.
Now the Ephors, though not a level of Government, was the most powerful position in Sparta. There wer 5 of them, elected for one year, by the Apella, for each of the five Provinces of Sparta. Each candidate was nominated by the Gerousia. They Made sure the Kings did not step out of their consituional boundaries, and had the power to arrest anyone, including the Kings, Without charge. However, the Kings could Dimsmiss an Ephor if they abused their powers.
The Ephors presided over the Gerousia and the Apella, called all meetings of government, and between the five of them, took over all the Kings Powers. The Kings became "Hereditary Generals", limited to commanding the Army at War, Appointing Magistrates, and Handling Marriges and Adpotion cases.
An Ephor could only serve for one year, and could not be re-elected.